Review: pulmonary nodule classification, biomarkers, signaling, and management

This review summarizes pulmonary nodule classification, risk assessment, biomarkers, AI applications, and management, advocating for risk-adapted, longitudinal, multidisciplinary care.

• Low-dose CT remains the foundation of screening and surveillance; MRI, PET/CT, and biopsy play selective roles depending on malignancy probability and fitness.
• Noninvasive biomarkers (circulating cells, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) are adjuncts to imaging and clinical risk assessment, not stand-alone diagnostic tests.
• AI may support detection, risk reclassification, and workflow efficiency, but requires external validation, calibration, and prospective evidence of management benefit.

Automated summary

RadPigeon summaries are original and for information only. They are not clinical advice.