Mapping Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in HCC with Multiparametric Imaging and AI

Multiparametric CT/MRI with artificial intelligence may noninvasively evaluate tertiary lymphoid structures in hepatocellular carcinoma, whose presence is tied to immunotherapy response and prognosis, offering a route to predict benefit.

• Tertiary lymphoid structures are ectopic lymphoid aggregates in the intratumoral and peritumoral microenvironment; in hepatocellular carcinoma they are associated with immunotherapy response and prognosis.
• Because these structures are spatially heterogeneous and biopsy is prone to sampling bias, multiparametric CT/MRI with artificial intelligence may integrate anatomy and functional metabolic information for noninvasive assessment.
• The review's teaching focus is applying large-scale artificial intelligence models to imaging for prognosis prediction and immunotherapy benefit evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma.

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