IR Curricula for Medical Students Rarely Follow All Steps of Kern's Curriculum Framework, Review Finds

A scoping review of 36 studies found no interventional radiology (IR) curriculum for medical students addressed all six steps of Kern's framework; they focused on problem identification and teaching strategies but lacked needs assessment and evaluation.

• IR teaching is consistently underrepresented in undergraduate medical education.
• Educational interventions were diverse but often isolated, without systematic design.

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