MRI deep learning estimates brain age gap of 3.5 years in type 1 diabetes, rising to 6–7 years with peripheral neuropathy

Brain age gap was 3.5 years in type 1 diabetes, rising to 6-7 years with peripheral neuropathy, per MRI-based deep learning. Diabetes duration drove brain aging, while neuropathic pain had no clear contribution.

• Diabetes duration was the main driver of brain age gap, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy had limited impact beyond that.
• Brain age gap elevation was widespread across the brain, without distinct regional patterns.

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