Six simulation models structure perioperative POCUS education from task training to mastery

Simulation-based education bridges theory and safe practice for perioperative POCUS. Six complementary models—low-fidelity task training, peer scanning, high-fidelity sim, hybrid OR crisis, VR/AR, and mastery learning—progress from image acquisition to team decision-making.

• Intended for anesthesiologists, critical care, pain, emergency, surgery clinicians, and ultrasound educators.
• Assessment should combine image-quality rubrics, interpretation tests, entrustable professional activities, OSCEs, portfolios, and workplace feedback.
• Key research priorities: multicenter competency thresholds, simulation modality comparisons, and links to clinical outcomes.

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