Freehand 3D panoramic photoacoustic angiography maps vasculature in real time for surgical guidance

Real-time 3D panoramic photoacoustic angiography achieved 99.67% accuracy during freehand scanning, expanding imaging volume 42.3-fold to 50.84 mm³ in 16.7 seconds for surgical guidance.

• The hybrid feature-driven tracking method maintained 99.67% online mapping accuracy during dynamic freehand operation.
• In a rat gastrectomy model, the approach expanded the imaging volume 42.3-fold (to 50.84 mm³) within 16.7 seconds, enabling panoramic microvascular visualization beyond the surgical field.

Automated summary

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