Hand-drawn schematics improve CHD ultrasound theoretical knowledge and clinical reasoning in RCT

Adding instructor-led hand-drawn diagrams to conventional instruction significantly improved theoretical knowledge (88.20 vs 82.95) and clinical reasoning (90.50 vs 82.75) for congenital heart disease ultrasound in a 40-resident RCT. Practical skills scores were similar.

• Subjective learning satisfaction and self-perceived understanding were significantly higher with the hand-drawn diagram method (all p<0.05).
• The instructional method is low-cost, requiring only pen and paper, making it broadly accessible for training programs.

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