A five-domain multimodality imaging framework for cardiac function beyond ejection fraction

A five-domain multimodality imaging framework (pump, deformation, diastolic, flow, tissue) refines cardiac phenotyping beyond LVEF. Selective escalation from echo to CMR, CT, nuclear, 4D flow when indicated.

• Five interrelated domains: pump function, myocardial deformation, diastolic function, flow dynamics, and tissue characterization.
• Stepwise escalation: standard echo -> advanced echo -> CMR, CT, nuclear -> 4D flow CMR when clinically indicated.
• Barriers include cost-effectiveness, workflow burden, vendor variability, and limited 4D flow standardization.

Automated summary

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