Imaging and Clinical Progress in Vascular Calcification of Lower Extremity PAD

Vascular calcification in lower extremity PAD impairs diagnostic accuracy, complicates endovascular therapy, and predicts poor outcomes. This review finds current imaging limited by inconsistent scoring, with AI-assisted quantification and molecular imaging needed for improvemen…

• Narrative review summarizing pathophysiology, multimodal imaging progress, and clinical application in treatment planning.
• Highlights limitations: inconsistent scoring standards, heterogeneous CT thresholds, and lack of prospective validation.
• Future directions include AI-assisted quantification and molecular imaging of active calcification.

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