Artificial Intelligence for Gallbladder and Bile Duct Stone Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

AI models for detecting gallbladder and bile duct stones achieve high diagnostic accuracy in research settings, but most studies are small, single-center, and lack external validation (exact performance metrics not available).

• Systematic review of studies evaluating AI for gallstone detection on imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI); number of studies and patients not specified in source.
• Commonly used deep learning architectures include convolutional neural networks; significant heterogeneity and risk of bias across studies.
• No studies provided prospective or external validation; clinical generalizability remains uncertain.

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