Occult snuffbox AVF with thoracic outlet syndrome causing refractory upper extremity venous hypertension: a complex IR case

Case report: an occult anatomical snuffbox arteriovenous fistula drove refractory upper extremity venous hypertension in an end-stage renal disease patient with co-existing thoracic outlet syndrome. Highlights the diagnostic challenge when multiple venous outflow obstacles coexi…

• Single case report (n=1); full procedural and outcomes details beyond what is in the title/abstract are not available from the snippet alone.
• Clinical relevance: snuffbox AVFs can be overlooked as a cause of venous hypertension, especially when thoracic outlet syndrome provides an alternative explanation — dual pathology must be excluded.
• Key limitation: single-patient case report with no comparator group; findings have no generalizable statistical weight and should be read as hypothesis-generating or educational.

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